Fusion proteins for insect control

ABSTRACT

A fusion protein comprising a translocating moiety and a toxic moiety wherein the translocating moiety comprises a plant protein that is capable of acting as a carrier to translocate the toxic moiety across the gut wall of at least one plant pathogen, wherein the toxic moiety is adapted to be effective as a toxic agent following translocation; composition comprising the protein, methods for preparation thereof; polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein, vector comprising the polynucleotide, host cell and transgenic plant cell or plant that is resistant to pathogen, expressing the fusion protein, and uses thereof in combatting plant pathogens and in insect control.

The present invention relates to fusion proteins (FP) for mediating, in plants, protection against pathogens; and also means and methods for the production thereof. Moreover, the invention also relates to plant cells, plants, and their progeny, once transformed with constructs encoding the fusion proteins of the invention. Further, the invention also relates to pesticides including at least one fusion protein of the invention.

Despite the wide range of pesticides that are available on the market plant disease is a major concern for farmers. Many pesticides are not sufficiently target specific and so result in environmental damage. What is more, even dispersion of pesticide may be difficult to achieve resulting in some crops being undesirably saturated with potentially toxic chemicals and some not receiving adequate protection.

Recent progress has exploited genetic techniques to engineer crops that have an in-built resistance to pathogens. These crops are advantageous because they dispense with the need to use conventional pesticides. Typically, the genetic code of crop plants is modified so that they express a protein that is toxic to at least one selected pathogen. More typically still, the protein is most likely to be effective when ingested by the pathogen and so targets the pathogen when it is at its most damaging. However, it has been found that once ingested by the pathogen these supposedly toxic proteins are degraded by the pathogen's digestive system and so rendered ineffective. There is therefore a need to design a protein that can resist this sort of defence.

We consider that pest management technologies based on insect neuropeptides offer a degree of biological activity, target specificity and environmental compatibility that are lacking in neurotoxic insecticides. However, to date, attempts to deliver such peptides by oral administration have proved unsuccessful. As mentioned, delivery via oral route would be optimal for insect crop protection since it would target the insect at its most damaging time. Accordingly it is thought advantageous to administer such peptides by spraying them on crops to be treated or engineering them into crops to be protected. But unfortunately these neuropeptides are susceptible to environmental degradation and, further, once ingested, they are broken down before they achieve their effect. They therefore need to be protected in some way.

Certain plant lectins show a low level of toxicity when incorporated into an artificial pathogen diet or when expressed in transgenic plants. Thus they are not thought to have any insecticidal properties. However, some have been shown to be resistant to gut proteolysis and can be found in the insect haemolymph following ingestion. Thus, we considered that plant lectins may have the potential to act as carrier members to deliver other peptides to the circulatory system of target species.

The object of the invention is therefore to provide a target specific pesticide which is suitable for oral delivery and resists degradation in the insect gut, and methods and means for its production and use in mediating plant disease resistance.

We have developed a novel fusion protein that is effective at destroying, or at least debilitating, plant pathogens. The protein comprises a, first, translocating member and a, second, toxic member. The translocating member aids passage of the toxic member through the pathogen gut and, ideally, into the insect haemolymph where the toxic member can realise its effects. We have discovered that plant lectins can be used to transport at least one toxic member through the insect gut. Further, we have found that, ideally, an insect peptide such as a neuropeptide can be used as the toxic member. Thus, when a plant protein is combined with an insect protein there is provided a novel fusion protein that is effective at mediating plant disease resistance.

According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a fusion protein comprising a translocating moiety and a toxic moiety wherein the translocating moiety comprises a plant protein that is capable of acting as a carrier to translocate the toxic moiety across the gut wall of at least one plant pathogen.

Reference herein to the term pathogen is intended to include reference to any insect that affects the growth, development, reproduction, harvest, yield or utility of a plant.

Suitably a toxic moiety comprises any agent, including its metabolic precursors or pro-agent, that affects the wellbeing, growth or reproduction of any pathogen and/or any stages of its life cycle, preferably is any biologically active toxic agent derived from insects or related arthropods, and metabolites and analogues thereof.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the toxic agent is most effective following translocation and, ideally, is a natural or synthetic arthropod-derived peptide or protein or metabolite or analogue thereof, capable of causing deleterious effects on growth, development reproduction or mortality in pest insects; such as an insect or related arthropod or the like derived protein or peptide or neuropeptide or metabolite or analogue thereof, and most ideally an allatostatin, chitinase or diuretic hormone, metabolitic or analogue thereof.

Suitably the toxic agent is derived from insects such as cockroach, blofly, mosquito, webworm, beetle, or related arthropods such as antipede, millipede, crab, lobster, shrimp, prawn, spider, scorpion, mite, tick and the like.

Suitable insect peptides for inclusion in the fusion protein include any one or more of the following neuropeptides and their natural or synthetic metabolites or analogues: Manduca sexta allatostatin (Manse-AS); cockroach allatostatin such as those found in either of the following species Diplotera punctata or Periplaneta americana or blowfly allatostatin such as in the species Calliphora vomitaria; alternatively insect specific enzymes can be used such as an insect chitinase for example, those found in M. sexta; Bombyx mori; the mosquito Anopheles gambiae; fall webworm Hyphantria cunea; beetle Phaedon cochleariae; or Lacanobia oleracea; alternatively, peptides comprising, or derived from, insect diuretic hormones such as those isolated from any one or more of the aforementioned species, or related arthropod hormones may be used. The choice for any given pesticidal composition or genetic transformation will be determined by the nature of the pathogen to be destroyed. For example, the size of the toxic agent will be chosen on the basis of the type of gut wall to be penetrated and the effectiveness of the toxic agent will be based on the type of insect to be destroyed.

More ideally still said toxic agent is selected from the following group of toxic proteins and their metabolites and analogues: Manduca sexta Manse-AS (16, 17); Diploptera punctata allatostatin (38); Periplaneta americana allatostatin (39); Calliphora vomitaria allatostatin (40); or insect chitinase such as M. sexta chitinase (37, 34, 35); Bombyx mori chitinase (34, 37); Anopheles gambiae chitinase (36); Hyphantria cunea chitinase (34); Phaedon cochleariae chitinase (33) or Lacanobia oleracea chitinase; or insect diuretic hormone such as that isolated from M. sexta (32). Preferably a toxic agent in a fusion protein according to the invention comprises an insect protein as sequenced in the Table 2 and FIGS. 1 and 7 to 18 below, and natural or synthetic metabolites or analogues thereof.

Suitable plant lectins for inclusion in the novel compound include any one or more of the following plant lectins: snowdrop lectin (GNA), pea lectin Pisum sativum (P-lec), peanut lectin Arachis hypogaea, french bean lectin (PHA, phytohaemo glutinin), and analogues thereof. These are just a few examples, generally any lectin that binds to insect gut can be used. The choice for any pesticidal composition or genetic transformation will be determined by the nature of the pathogen to be destroyed. For example, the type of lectin will be selected having regard to its stability in the insect gut, the type of gut wall to be penetrated and its level of toxicity; a non toxic lectin is preferred.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention said plant protein is selected from the following group of proteins: GNA (snowdrop lectin); P-lec pea lectin; or peanut lectin.

Preferably the moieties of the fusion protein are linked together by genetic or biochemical means and so, in the first instance, by at least one linking peptide or, in the second instance, by a covalent or non-covalent bond or linking moiety. Where a peptide is used to link said members together the number of peptides is determined by the distance between the relevant ends of each member when said fusion protein is in a biologically active conformation. The moieties may be releasably linked by means adapted to dissociate and release the toxic agent in situ in an insect gut, for example on metabolisation by the insect or may remain intact, depending on the active form of the toxic agent.

More preferably still the fusion protein is capable of destroying, or at least debilitating, any one or more classes of insect or related arthropods, for example any one or more of the following pathogens: Coleopterans eg. Southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata); cowpea bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus); Lepidopterans eg. European cornborer (Ostinia nubilalis); tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta); stem borer (Chilo partellus): Homopteran pests eg. Rice brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens); rice green leaf hopper (Nephotettix cinciteps); potato leaf hopper (Empoasca fabae); peach potato aphid (Myzus persicae). It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many more pest species may be affected by the fusion protein of the invention, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and use of the fusion protein of the invention may be selected accordingly

In yet a further preferred embodiment of the invention the fusion protein comprises the protein shown in FIG. 1 which is a combination of GNA (snowdrop lectin) and Manse-AS (Manduca sexta allatostatin).

According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a pesticidal composition comprising the aforementioned fusion protein.

Preferably the composition as hereinbefore defined is in the form of any desired formulation such as a solution, emulsion, spray, suspension, powder, foam, paste, granule, aerosol, capsule or other finely or coarsely divided material or impregnant for natural or synthetic material.

In a preferred embodiment said pesticidal composition is in the form of a spray, suspension or the like, in admixture with suitable diluents, adjuvants, preservatives, dispersants, solvents, emulsifying agents or the like. Suitable composition components are those conventionally employed in the art, and in particular being suited to the present oral administration application. The composition may be obtained with use of any suitable solvents, preferably water, alcohol, mineral oil or the like, any suitable solid carriers such as kaolin, clay, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite, diatomaceous earth, silica, or the like, with use of any solid carriers as supports for granules such as calcite, marble, pumice and crushed natural fibre material or the like. Compositions for use in the invention may additionally be employed in intimate or physical admixture together with other known insecticides, growth promoting or regulating substances, herbicides, fungicides, synergistic agents and the like.

The composition is preferably suitable for physically or chemically associating with plants or their locus, and for oral uptake by pathogens.

The composition may therefore comprise a fusion protein as hereinbefore defined in an amount of between 0.1 and 99% by weight, preferably between 0.5 and 98% by weight, more preferably between 1.0 and 95% by weight.

In a further aspect of the invention there is provided a method for administering a composition as hereinbefore defined to a plant or its locus for combatting insect pests.

Preferably 0.1 to 5 g, more preferably 0.2 to 4 g of the composition are applied per m² of plant surface area to be treated, such as seed or leaf surface area to be coated, providing pesticidal activity for a period of 24 hours to 2 weeks, for example for a period of 1 week to 2 weeks.

In a further aspect of the invention there is provided a process for the preparation of a composition as hereinbefore defined which comprises the admixture of an amount of a fusion protein and carrier as hereinbefore defined, adapted for the oral administration of an effective pesticidal amount of a fusion protein as hereinbefore defined, in intimate admixture with diluents, adjuvants, preservatives, dispersants, solvents, emulsifying agents and the like as hereinbefore defined.

In a further aspect of the invention there is provided a process for the preparation of a fusion protein as hereinbefore defined by biochemical or chemical synthesis, expression, coupling, or modification. Suitably any techniques for preparing proteins may be employed.

According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a polynucleotide encoding the aforementioned fusion protein.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention said polynucleotide comprises that shown in FIG. 1 or an effective fragment thereof.

According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a vector comprising the aforementioned polynucleotide. Alternatively, there is provided at least one vector encoding two separate polynucleotides wherein each polynucleotide encodes a different member of said fusion protein or, ideally, two vectors each encoding one of said separate polynucleotides.

Preferably, in the instance where said two separate polynucleotides are provided they are supplemented with means for enabling self assembly of the fusion protein in vivo. For example, each polynucleotide is provided with a complementary binding domain whereby the said polynucleotides can be linked together, pre or post translationally, to form a functional fusion protein. Said complementary binding domains are well know to those skilled in the art and may comprise homo- or hetero-binding partners such as leucine zippers or antibody/antigen fragments, respectively.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention said polynucleotide(s) is/are operatively linked to regulatory sequences allowing expression of said fusion protein in a host cell. Preferably said regulatory sequences are constitutative, tissue specific or inducible promoters. Preferably also said regulatory sequences may comprise a transcription termination signal, such as a poly-A signal. Additionally, said polynucleotides are ideally provided with a secretion signal whereby expression of same in a host cell results in secretion of said fusion protein, or members thereof, into the culture medium of said host cell.

Preferably said vector(s) comprise plasmids, cosmids, viruses, bacteriophages or other vectors used in genetic engineering.

According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a host cell comprising the aforementioned polynucleotide(s) and/or vector(s).

Preferably, in the instance where two vectors are used, said host cell is cotransformed with same. Alternatively, those skilled in the art may prefer to use conventional sexual crossing to produce a hybrid expressing both members of the fusion protein.

Preferably said vector is integrated into the genome of the host cell and most ideally stably integrated into said genome. Alternatively, said vector is maintained extrachromosomally.

Preferably said host cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic such as bacterial, insect, fungal, plant or animal and in each case said regulatory sequences are adapted accordingly to enable expression of said polynucleotide(s) in said host species. For example, where said host cell is a plant cell, said regulatory sequence comprises a promoter active in plant cells, such promoters are well known to those skilled in the art and just one example is the promoter of the polyubiquitin gene of maize. Alternatively a tissue specific promoter may be used such as those active in the tubers of potatoes or in seeds of different plants.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided a method for the production of the aforementioned fusion protein comprising:

-   culturing the aforementioned host cell under conditions suitable for     expression of said fusion protein; and -   harvesting said fusion protein from said culture.

In the instance where said host cell comprises at least one vector encoding the two separate polynucleotides said polynucleotides are supplemented with binding domains that provide for self assembly of said fusion protein in vivo.

According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a method for the production of transgenic plant cells or plants that are resistant to disease comprising:

-   transforming a selected plant genome with the aforementioned     vector(s) of the invention.

According to a yet further aspect of the invention there is provided a transgenic plant cell or plant, or their progeny, produced by the above method.

Preferably said plant, cell or its progeny is either a monocotyledon or a dicotyledon. Ideally said plant is a crop plant such as maize, rice potato, tomato or sorghum.

According to a yet further aspect of the invention there is provided a transgenic plant cell or plant, or their progeny, including in its genome a polynucleotide encoding either the fusion protein of the invention or a member thereof.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention said polynucleotide is stably integrated into the genome. Alternatively said polynucleotide is maintained extrachromosomally.

Preferably said plant, cell or its progeny is either a monocotyledon or a dicotyledon. Ideally said plant is a crop plant such as maize, rice, potato, tomato, or sorghum.

According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided the use of the aforedescribed fusion protein in the manufacture of a pesticide or a transgenic plant cell or plant.

According to a yet further aspect of the invention there is provided the use of the aforementioned pesticide to destroy, or debilitate any one or more of the pathogens as hereinbefore defined.

An embodiment of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the following figures wherein:

FIG. 1. Shows the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the fusion protein GNA/Manse-AS and GNA constructs showing restriction sites introduced by PCR for cloning into pET14b. The position of GNA, linker and Manse-AS fragments are shown for GNA/Manse-AS. (.) denotes stop codon in the GNA sequence.

FIG. 2. Shows expression and purification of GNA (A) and GNA/Manse-AS (B) constructs in E. coli. Gels (A) and (B), lane 1 pre-induced culture; lane 2 IPTG induced culture; lane 3 lysate; lanes 4 & 5 flow through; lanes 6-9 in (A) and lane 6 in (B) are proteins purified by affinity chromatography; lane 10 in A and 7 in B native GNA. M, molecular mass marker (66, 45, 36, 29, 24, 20 & 14 kDa). Protein samples were resolved by 15% acrylamide SDS-PAGE gels.

FIG. 3. Shows detection of purified proteins by Western analysis using (A) anti-GNA and (B) anti-Manse-AS antibodies. Proteins were resolved by (A) 15% and (B) 20% acrylamide SDS-PAGE gels and electroblotted onto nitrocellulose. Loading as estimated by Bradford assay is as follows: (A) GNA lanes 1-4, 10, 25, 50, and 50 (unboiled) ng, respectively; lanes 5-8 GNA/Manse-AS, 10, 25, 50, and 50 (unboiled) ng, respectively, lanes 9 and 10 are GNA standards of 5 ng and 50 ng, respectively; (B) lanes 1-4 GNA/Manse-AS, 25, 50, and 50 (unboiled) ng, respectively. Arrows indicate monomeric and dimeric forms of GNA.

FIG. 4. (A) Shows mean increase/decrease in weight of L. oleracea larvae (% of pre-treatment weight; n=7) and (B) mean consumption (g wet weight artificial diet; n=7) following 24 h exposure to control; control+ammonia; recombinant GNA (1.5 mg/5 g diet)+ammonia; and recombinant GNA/Manse-AS (1.5 mg/5 g diet)+ammonia. Error bars show means +/− SE; probability values for significant differences between control and treatments are denoted (ANOVA).

FIG. 5. (A) Shows increase/decrease in mean wet weight of Vth instar L. oleracea larvae following exposure to control □ (n=8); control+ammonia10

(n=8); control+MeOH10 ▪ (n=16); GNA (0.5 mg/5 g diet)+ammonia ▴ (n=8); Manse-AS (0.5 mg/5 g diet) in MeOH Δ (n=16); GNA+Manse-AS (0.5 mg/5 g diet) ♦ (n=8); and FP (0.5 mg/5 g diet) in ammonia ⋄ (n=8); for 3 days. Error bars show means +/− SE; probability values for significant differences between FP and control treatments were significant (ANOVA) at P<0.0001 in all cases. (B) Total mean consumption per larvae (g wet wt artificial diet) for treatments in (A).

FIG. 6. Shows Manse-AS-like immunoreactivity in individual HPLC fractions of haemolymph (50 μg protein/sample) from Vth instar L. oleracea larvae fed on control (closed bars) and recombinant GNA/Manse-AS (0.1% w/w) (hatched bars) containing diets for 24 h. Arrows denote elution regions for standard recombinant FP and synthetic Mas.

Abbreviations: GNA, Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; Manse-AS, Manduca sexta allatostatin; FP, recombinant GNA/Manse-AS fusion protein; Vth, fifth; MeOH, methanol.

Materials and Methods

Materials and Recombinant DNA Techniques.

Standard GNA was obtained from Vector Laboratories Inc. (USA) and synthetic Manse-AS was prepared by the Advanced Biotechnology Centre (Charing Cross and Westminster Hospital Medical School, London). Anti-GNA and anti-Manse-AS antibodies, raised in rabbits, were prepared by Genosys Biotechnologies (EUROPE), Cambridge, UK.

Subcloning was carried out using the TOPO cloning kit (pCR2.1 TOPO vector) purchased from Invitrogen. Expression vector pET14b, competent Novablue and expression host BL21 (DE3)pLysS cells were from Novagen. A cDNA sequence encoding for the mature peptide LECGNA2, one of several GNA isoforms (supplied by Dr. E van Damme; 28), was used as a template for PCR amplification. Oligonucleotide primers were synthesised by MWG Biotech (Ebersberg, Germany) and are listed in Table 1. PCR reactions were carried out using Pfu DNA polymerase (Promega) as described by the enzyme supplier. Plasmid DNA was prepared using Promega Wizard miniprep kits. Restriction endonucleases were obtained from Boehringer Ltd, T4 Polynucleotide kinase and T4 DNA ligase were from Promega. PCR amplified fragments were sequenced by the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Durham, UK. TABLE 1 Oligonucleotide primers Primers Sequence 5′GNA/Nde I TAATCATATGGACAATATTTTGTACTCC (28 mer) 3′GNA/BAC109 ATTAGGATCCTCATCCGGTGTGAGTTCCA (30 mer) G 3′GNA/Bam HI TAATGGATCCGGTGTGAGTTCCAG (24 mer) 5′ Manse-AS GATCCGGGGGGCATATGCAGGTGCGCTTC (65 mer) CGCCAGTGCTACTTAACCCCATCTCCTGC TTCTGAG 3′ Manse-AS GATCCTCAGAAGCAGGAGATGGGGTTGAA (66 mer) GTAGCACTGGCGGAAGCGCACCTGCATAT GCCCCCCG Cloning, Expression and Purification of GNA and GNA/Manse-AS Constructs.

The mature GNA coding sequence (109 residues) was amplified from LECGNA2 cDNA using the primers 5′GNA/Nde I and 3′GNABAC109 (Table 1). The gel purified PCR product was subcloned into the pCR2.1 TOPO vector and subject to sequence analysis. Plasmid DNA was digested with Nde I and Bam HI, gel purified and ligated to digested pET14b DNA to generate the plasmid MODGNA(A)109pET14b. Following isolation from transformed Novablue cells, the plasmid was transformed into BL21(DE3)pLysS cells.

A GNA/Manse-AS fusion construct was prepared by amplification of the mature GNA coding sequence from LECGNA2 cDNA using the primers 5′GNA/Nde I and 3′GNA Bam HI (Table 1), gel purified and ligated to digested pET14b DNA. This plasmid MODGNA(B)pET14b was digested with Bam HI and gel purified in preparation for ligation of a double stranded (ds) Manse-AS and linker peptide fragment. Single stranded (ss) oligonucleotides 5′ Manse-AS and 3′ Manse-AS (Table 1) were designed using the published sequence for the M. sexta Manse-AS peptide (16) and the Pseudaletia unipunctata Manse-AS neuropeptide (NCBI gb/U36570/PUU36570) (17). 5′ and 3′ Manse-AS primers contained Bam HI overhangs to facilitate ligation into Bam HI digested MODGNA(B)pET14b. An additional 12 oligonucleotides preceeding the Manse-AS sequence encode for a linker peptide. A ds Manse-AS fragment was generated by combining 300 pmols each of ss 5′ Manse-AS and 3′ Manse-AS in the presence of ligase buffer. The mix was heated to 90° C., cooled to 30° C., and then incubated at 37° C. for 30 min in the presence of 1U T4 Polynucleotide kinase, 2.5 mM ATP and kinase buffer. DNA was phenol extracted and quantitated by spectrophotometry. Ligation mixes containing GNAMOD109(B)pET14b, ds Manse-AS and ligase buffer were heated to 80° C. and left to cool to 37° C. before 0.5 U T4 DNA ligase was added and the mix incubated at 4° C. overnight. Following isolation of the plasmid from transformed Novablue cells, colony PCR (using 5′ GNA/Nde I and 3′ Manse-AS primers) was performed to isolate transformants containing the GNA/Manse-AS fragment in the correct orientation. Selected transformants were sequenced prior to transformation into BL21(DE3)pLysS cells.

For protein overproduction BL21(DE3)pLysS GNA and GNA/Manse-AS were cultivated with shaking at 37° C. in 1 L of LB broth containing 50 μg/ml carbenicillin and 34 μg/ml chloramphenicol. Cultures were induced with 0.4 mM isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactoside when an O.D. of 0.6-0.7 had been attained. Cultivation at 37° C. was continued for 3 h post induction. Cells were harvested by centrifugation (30 min at 6 000×g) and re-suspended in 100 ml binding buffer (20 mM Tris, 0.5 M NaCl, 5 mM imidazole, 6 M urea, pH 7.8). Cells were lysed by sonication and cellular debris removed by centrifugation (20 min at 10 000×g). Recombinant GNA and GNA/Manse-AS were purified by affinity chromatography using Ni-NTA Superflow resin (Qiagen). Columns (5 ml) loaded at 1 ml/min were washed with wash buffer (20 mM Tris, 0.5 M NaCl, 20 mM imidazole, 6 M urea, pH 7.8) and bound protein eluted with elution buffer (20 mM Tris, 0.5 M NaCl, 0.3 M imidazole, 6 M urea, pH 7.8). Purified GNA and GNA/Manse-AS fractions were diluted to 10-50 μg/ml, based on SDS-PAGE estimations of concentration, in 20 mM Tris, 4 M urea, pH 7.8, and dialysed sequentially against 20 mM Tris, 1 M urea, pH 7.8 and dH2O (containing approx. 0.01% ammonium bicarbonate). After dialysis renatured proteins were filtered (0.45 μM Nalgene, BDH), frozen in liquid nitrogen and freeze-dried.

Haemagglutination Assays.

Freeze dried GNA and FP re-suspended in dH2O, with the addition of small amounts of 0.1% (v/v) ammonia to aid solubilisation where necessary, were analysed for activity by agglutination assays using native GNA as a standard. The concentration of recombinant proteins were estimated by a microtitre based Bradford Assay (Biorad) using native GNA as the standard protein. Haemagglutination assays were carried out as described (29), except that a total volume of 50 μl (25 μl aliquots of serial twofold dilutions of lectins and 25 μl of 2% erythrocyte suspension) was used in each well. Following incubation for 2 h at room temperature the lowest concentration required to completely agglutinate the red blood cells was determined visually. Concentration and reactivity with anti-GNA and anti-Manse-AS antibodies was verified as previously described for GNA (30) by Western blotting.

Insects.

Lacanobia oleracea were reared continuously on artificial diet (31) at 25° C. under a 16:8 L:D regime.

Insect Bioassays.

A potato leaf based artificial diet (24) was used to assay recombinant proteins against newly moulted Vth stadium L. oleracea which were starved for 24 h prior to exposure to diets. To encourage feeding, sucrose was incorporated at 0.05% (w/w) in assays 2 A and B and at 0.5% (w/w) in assay 3. Individual larvae were maintained in clear plastic pots containing moist filter paper to prevent diet desiccation. Larval wet weights (−/+0.1 mg) were recorded before, during, and after exposure to treatments, and diet consumption was estimated on a wet weight basis. The amounts of recombinant proteins added to diets were based on activity values derived from agglutination assays.

Bioassay 1.

Larvae (n=7 per treatment) were exposed to control diet; control diet containing ammonia (0.0002 v/w); diet containing recombinant GNA at a concentration of approx. 1.5% (w/w) of dietary protein (1.5 mg/5 g diet wet weight) and diet containing recombinant FP at a concentration of approx. 1.5% (w/w) of dietary protein for 24 h.

Bioassay 2A.

Larvae (n=8 per treatment) were exposed for 3 days to control diet; control diet containing ammonia; diet containing native GNA at approx. 0.5% (w/w) of dietary protein: diet containing native GNA and synthetic Manse-AS at a total concentration of approx. 0.5% (w/w) (i.e. ratio of GNA: Manse-AS equivalent to FP and diet containing FP at approx. 0.5% (w/w) of dietary protein.

Bioassay 2B.

Larvae (n=16 per treatment) were exposed for 3 days to diet containing synthetic Manse-AS (re-suspended in 70% MeOH) at a concentration of 0.5% (w/w) of dietary protein and a control diet containing an equivalent volume of MeOH.

Bioassay 3.

Larvae (n=20 per treatment) were exposed to control diet containing ammonia; diet containing native GNA and synthetic Manse-AS (at a total concentration of approx. 0.1% (w/w)); diet containing synthetic Manse-AS (at a concentration equivalent to FP at 0.1% % (w/w)) and diet containing FP at a concentration of approx. 0.1% (w/w) of dietary protein. Haemolymph samples were extracted after 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure to the diets in the following manner. Pre-chilled larvae were blotted with EtOH and dried prior to haemolymph extraction, carried out by piercing the cuticle with a fine needle. Haemolymph was placed into pre-chilled eppendorfs containing phenylthiocarbamide-phenol oxidase inhibitor. Protein concentrations of pooled samples for each time point were estimated using a microtitre plate-based Bradford Assay with BSA as the standard protein.

Indirect ELISA.

Aliquots of extracts from bioassay 3 were analysed for the presence of Manse-AS using an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), as previously described (18).

Haemolymph HPLC Purification and Immunoassay.

Aliquots of haemolymph extracted from larvae in bioassay 3 exposed to control and FP containing diets for 24 h were further analysed for the presence of Manse-AS— like immunoreactivity in the following manner: samples were sonicated in 200 μl ice cold 60% acetontrile, centrifuged at 12,000×g at 4° C. for 20 mins, and the supernatant diluted 10 fold with 0.1% TFA. This was loaded onto a custom made preparative cartridge (100 mg C₄ RP packing; Bondapak, Waters). The cartridge was eluted with 1 ml each of 20% and 60% CH₃CN/0.1% TFA and the 60% fractions were concentrated to 100 μl by centrifugal evaporation for ELISA, or further purification by HPLC.

Chromatography was performed using a Beckman System Gold chromatographic system, utilising a dual pump programmable solvent module 126. Samples were loaded via a Rheodyne loop injector onto a spherogel-TSK G2000Sw gel filtration column (10μ, 7.5×300 mm). The column was eluted with 0.1 M phosphate buffer over 30 min at a flow rate of 1 ml/min, and elutions monitored at 220 nm by a System Gold diode array detector module 168. Fractions (1 ml) were collected and dried down by centrifugal evaporation for immunoassay. Synthetic Manse-AS and FP were also subjected to Gel filtration chromatography to determine their elution positions.

Statistical Analysis.

All data analysis was carried out using the Statview (v. 4.5; Abacus Concepts, Berkely, Ca USA) software packages on Apple Macintosh computers. ANOVA analysis was carried out to determine any significant differences between treatments in the parameters measured. The acceptance level of statistical significance was P<0.05 in all instances.

Results.

Two constructs encoding for GNA and a GNA/Manse-AS fusion protein (FIG. 1) were prepared and cloned into the expression vector pET14b which carries a N-terminal Histidine purification tag. Constructs in BL21(DE3)pLysS overexpressed well (10-15 mg/L culture), and both proteins accumulated as insoluble inclusion bodies that were purified to >90% homogeneity by a single affinity purification step (FIGS. 2A & B). Western analysis of purified GNA and FP (FIGS. 3A & B) confirmed that both proteins reacted positively with anti-GNA antibodies and FP with anti-Manse-AS antibodies. Following purification and renaturation steps yields for both proteins were estimated at 1-5 mg/L of culture.

When exposed to diet containing FP at 1.5% of dietary protein L. oleracea larvae exhibited a significant reduction (ANOVA: P<0.0001) in weight (FIG. 4A). In contrast a more than 50% increase in mean weight was observed for larvae fed on control and recombinant GNA (1.5% total dietary protein) diets over the 24 h assay period. That the significant reduction in weight of larvae exposed to FP was due to minimal feeding was confirmed by measurements of diet consumption depicted in FIG. 4B. Whilst there was some evidence for feeding (indicated by the presence of diet in the guts of dissected larvae) consumption was too low to give a value by wet weight analysis.

In a second assay Vth instar larvae were exposed to FP at 0.5% of dietary protein for 3 days. Larval weight and consumption values recorded over the assay period were combined with results obtained in a third assay (2B) where larvae were exposed to synthetic Manse-AS (at 0.5% of dietary protein) and are presented in FIGS. 5A and B. As observed in assay 1, all larvae exposed to diet containing FP exhibited a significant reduction in weight (ANOVA: P<0.0001) whereas insects fed on control diet or diet containing GNA or a combination of native GNA and synthetic Manse-AS, showed a fourfold increase in weight over the assay period. Similar values obtained for insects fed on diet containing synthetic Manse-AS (0.5% w/w in MeOH) and control diet containing an equivalent volume of MeOH indicated that it was the presence of MeOH, rather than Manse-AS, that was responsible for the depressed growth rate of these replicates shown in FIG. 5A. The consumption of diet by insects (FIG. 5B) equated with larval growth represented by FIG. 5A. As observed in assay 1, evidence of feeding by FP exposed larvae was apparent only by the presence of diet in dissected larval guts.

A Manse-AS-like immunoreactivity in HPLC fractions of haemolymph from control and FP fed larvae is shown in FIG. 6. There was very little Manse-AS-like immunoreactivity in control samples. In contrast, significant amounts of Manse-AS-like immunoreactivity were observed in fractions from FP fed larvae in a region (between 5 and 9 mins) that co-eluted with synthetic FP. By comparison no significant Manse-AS-like immunoreactivity was observed to co-elute with synthetic Manse-AS.

Discussion

A novel fusion protein combining snowdrop lectin (GNA) and an insect neuropeptide allatostatin (Manse-AS) has been expressed in E. coli and purified. This fusion protein has been delivered intact to the blood of exposed insects.

The incorporation of FP at 1.5% and 0.5% of proteins in diet was seen to have a dramatic effect upon growth and food consumption by Vth instar L. oleracea larvae. Larvae exposed to FP at 1.5% of dietary proteins exhibited a significant reduction in weight compared to a more than 50% weight gain observed for control and GNA-fed larvae over a 24 h period. Similarly larvae exposed to FP at 0.5% of dietary proteins showed a significant reduction in weight over a period of 3 days whereas control and GNA-fed larvae exhibited a four fold increase in weight. That this was an antifeedant effect was demonstrated by minimal consumption of FP containing diets.

That the observed toxicity FP was due to the biological activity of the fusion protein was indicated by the significant differences observed in larval growth and food consumption between the various control treatments and FP treatments in both assays.

Antifeedant effects observed in the present study, together with the identification of Manse-AS-like immunoreactivity in the haemolymph of exposed insects, suggest that Manse-AS, delivered to the haemolymph by GNA, is exerting an inhibitory effect upon larval feeding. There exists a clear potential for fusion proteins of this type to exert significant insecticidal effects if the antifeedant properties observed in this study are commercially exploited. TABLE 2 P Americana allatostatin Pea AST1-H-Ser-Pro-Ser-Gly-Met-Glu-Arg-Leu-Tyr-Gly-Phe-Gly-Leu-NH2 Pea AST2-H-Ala-Asp-Gly-Arg-Leu-Tyr-Ala-Phe-Gly-Leu-NH2 M Sexta AST pGlu-Val-Arg-Phe-Arg-Gln-Cys-Tyr-Phe-Asn-Pro-Ile-Ser-Cys-Phe-OH D. punctata Ala-Tyr-Ser-Tyr-Val-Ser-Glu-Tyr-Lys-Arg-Leu-Pro-Val-Tyr-Asn-Phe-Gly-Leu-NH2

REFERENCES

-   16. Kramer, S. J., Toschi, A., Miller, C. A. Kataoka, H.,     Quidstad, G. B., Li, J. P., Carney, L. & Schooley, D. A. (1991)     Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88, 9458-9462. -   17. Jansons, I. S., Cusson, M., Mcneil, J. N., Tobe, S. S.,     Benedena, W. J. (1996) Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 26 (3), 767-773. -   18. Audsley, N., Weaver, R. J. & Edwards, J. P. (1998) Insect     Biochem. & Mol. Biol. 28, 775-784. -   24. Fitches, E., Gatehouse, A. M. R. & Gatehouse, J. A. (1997) J.     Insect Physiol. 43(8), 727-739. -   28. Van Damme, Els., J. M., Norbert De Clerq, Claessens, F.,     Hemscoote, K., Peeters, B., Peumans, W. J. (1991) Planta 186, 35-43. -   29. Raemaekers, R. J., Laura de Muro, Gatehouse, J. A.,     Fordham-Skelton, A. P. (1999). FEBS, 265, 394-403. -   30. Fitches, E., & Gatehouse, J. A. (1998) J. Insect Physiol. 44,     1213-1224. -   31. Bown, D. P., Wilkinson, H. S., Gatehouse, J. A. (1997) Insect     Biochem & Mol. Biol. 27 (7), 625-638. -   32. Maeda, S. (1989) Biochemical & Biophysical Res. Comm. Vol 165,     No. 3, p1177-1183. -   33. Girard, C., Jouain, L. (1999) Insect Biochemistry & Molecular     Biology 29, p549-556. -   34. Kim, M. G., Shin, S. W., Bae, K. S., Park, H. Y. (1998) Insect     biochemistry & Molecular Biology 28, p163-171. -   35. Kramer, K. L., Muthukrishnan, S. (1997) Insect Biochemistry &     Molecular Biology 27, 887-900. -   36. Shen, Z., Jacobs-Lorena, M. (1997) Journal of Biological     Chemistry, Vol 272, No. 46, p28895-28900. -   37. Babiker, M. A., Banat, A., Kameyama, Y., Yoshioka, T.,     Koga, D. (1999) Insect Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 29,     p537-547. -   38. Pratt G E et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, Vol 88, 2412-2416     Biochemistry (1991) -   39. Weaver R J et al, Comp Biochem Physiol Vol 107C, 119-127 (1994) -   40. Duve H et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA Vol 90, 2456-2460     Biochemistry (1993) 

1. A fusion protein comprising a translocating moiety and a toxic moiety wherein the translocating moiety comprises a plant protein that is capable of acting as a carrier to translocate the toxic moiety across the gut wall of at least one plant pathogen, wherein the toxic moiety is adapted to be effective as a toxic agent following translocation and wherein a toxic agent is a natural or synthetic pest insect or related arthropod-derived peptide or protein or neuropeptide or metabolite or analogue thereof, capable of causing deleterious effects on growth, development, reproduction or mortality in pest insects or related arthropods.
 2. A fusion protein as claimed in claim 1 wherein a toxic agent is an allatostatin, chitinase or diuretic hormone, metabolitic or analogue thereof.
 3. A fusion protein as claimed in claim 1 wherein a toxic agent is derived from insects such as cockroach, blowfly, mosquito, webworm, beetle, or related arthropods such as antipede, millipede, crab, lobster, shrimp, prawn, spider, scorpion, mite, tick and the like.
 4. A fusion protein as claimed in claim 1 wherein insect peptides for inclusion in the fusion protein include any one or more of the following neuropeptides and their natural or synthetic metabolites or analogues: Manduca sexta allatostatin (Manse-AS); cockroach allatostatin such as those found in either of the following species Diplotera punctata or Periplaneta americana or blowfly allatostatin such as in the species Calliphora vomitaria; alternatively insect specific enzymes such as an insect chitinase for example, those found in M. sexta; Bombyx mori; the mosquito Anopheles gambiae; fall webworm Hyphantria cunea; beetle Phaedon cochleariae; or Lacanobia oleracea; alternatively, peptides comprising, or derived from, insect diuretic hormones such as those isolated from any one or more of the aforementioned species, or related arthropod hormones.
 5. A fusion protein as claimed in claim 1 wherein a toxic agent is selected from the following group of toxic proteins and their metabolites and analogues: Manduca sexta Manse-AS (16, 17); Diploptera punctata allatostatin (38); Periplaneta americana allatostatin (39); Calliphora vomitaria allatostatin (40); or insect chitinase such as M. sexta chitinase (37, 34, 35); Bombyx mori chitinase (34, 37); Anopheles gambiae chitinase (36); Hyphantria cunea chitinase (34); Phaedon cochleariae chitinase (33) or Lacanobia oleracea chitinase; or insect diuretic hormone such as that isolated from M. sexta (32).
 6. A fusion protein as claimed in claim 1 wherein a toxic agent is selected from an insect protein selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 3-8 and 14-17, and natural or synthetic metabolites or analogues or effective fragment thereof.
 7. A fusion protein as claimed in claim 1 wherein a plant protein comprises a plant lectin.
 8. A fusion protein as claimed in claim 1 wherein a plant protein for inclusion in the novel compound is selected from any one or more of the following plant lectins: snowdrop lectin (GNA), pea lectin Pisum sativum (P-lec), peanut lectin Arachis hypogaea, French bean lectin (PHA, phytohaemo glutinin), and analogues thereof.
 9. A fusion protein as claimed in claim 1 wherein the moieties of the fusion protein are linked together by genetic or biochemical means and so, in the first instance, by at least one linking peptide or, in the second instance, by a covalent or non-covalent bond or linking moiety.
 10. A fusion protein as claimed in claim 1 which is capable of destroying, or at least debilitating, any one or more classes of insect or related arthropods, preferably pathogens, selected from: Coleopterans, Lepidopterans and Homopteran pests, more preferably Coleopterans eg. Southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata); cowpea bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus); Lepidopterans eg. European cornborer (Ostinia nubilalis); tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta); stem borer (Chilo partellus): Homopteran pests eg. Rice brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens); rice green leaf hopper (Nephotettix cinciteps); potato leaf hopper (Empoasca fabae); peach potato aphid (Myzus persicae).
 11. A fusion protein as claimed in claim 1 which comprises the protein of SEQ ID NO:1 which is a fusion of GNA (snowdrop lectin) and Manse-AS (Manduca sexta allatostatin).
 12. A pesticidal composition comprising a fusion protein as claimed in claim 1 in the form of a solution, emulsion, spray, suspension, powder, foam, paste, granule, aerosol, capsule or other finely or coarsely divided material or impregnant for natural or synthetic material, in admixture with suitable carriers, diluents, adjuvants, preservatives, dispersants, solvents, emulsifying agents or the like suitable for physically or chemically associating with plants or their locus, and for oral uptake by pathogens.
 13. Composition as claimed in claim 12 comprising fusion protein in an amount of between 0.1 and 99% by weight, preferably between 0.5 and 98% by weight, more preferably between 1.0 and 95% by weight.
 14. Method for administering a fusion protein as claimed in claim 1 or a composition including said fusion protein to a plant or its locus for combating insect pests.
 15. A process for the preparation of a composition as claimed in claim 12 which comprises the admixture of an amount of a fusion protein and carrier, diluents, adjuvants, preservatives, dispersants, solvents, emulsifying agents or the like, in effective pesticidal amount for the oral administration of an effective pesticidal amount of the fusion protein.
 16. Process for the preparation of a fusion protein as claimed in claim 1 by biochemical or chemical synthesis, expression, coupling or modification or the like.
 17. A polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein as claimed in claim
 1. 18. The nucleotide sequence as claimed in claim 17 comprising SEQ ID NO:1.
 19. A vector comprising at least one polynucleotide as claimed in claim
 17. 20. A vector as claimed in claim 19 comprising one polynucleotide which is one of two vectors each comprising one of said separate polynucleotides; or comprising two or more separate polynucleotides wherein each polynucleotide encodes a different moiety of said fusion protein.
 21. At least one vector as claimed in claim 19 wherein each polynucleotide is provided with a complementary binding domain whereby the polynucleotides can be linked together, pre or post translationally, to form a functional fusion protein.
 22. At least one vector as claimed in claim 19 wherein the at least one polynucleotide(s) is/are operatively linked to regulatory sequences allowing expression of said fusion protein in a host cell.
 23. At least one vector as claimed in claim 19 which is selected from plasmids, cosmids, viruses, bacteriophages or other vectors used in genetic engineering.
 24. A host cell comprising at least one polynucleotide and/or vector and regulatory sequences as claimed in claim
 17. 25. A host cell as claimed in claim 24 which is prokaryotic or eukaryotic such as bacterial, insect, fungal, plant or animal wherein regulatory sequences are adapted accordingly to enable expression of said polynucleotide(s) in said host species.
 26. A method for the production of a fusion protein comprising: culturing a host cell comprising at least on polynucleotide and/or vector and regulatory sequences as claimed in claim 17 under conditions suitable for expression of the fusion protein; and harvesting the fusion protein from the culture.
 27. A method for the production of transgenic plant cells or plants that are resistant to disease comprising: transforming a selected plant genome with the at least one vector as claimed in claim
 19. 28. A transgenic plant cell or plant, or their progeny, including in its genome a polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein as claimed in claim
 1. 29. A transgenic plant cell or plant, or their progeny produced by the method of claim
 27. 30. Use of a fusion protein as claimed in claim 1 in the manufacture of a pesticide or a transgenic plant cell or plant.
 31. Use of the pesticide as claimed in claim 30 to destroy, or debilitate one or more pathogens.
 32. A fusion protein, composition, vector, polynucleotide, host cell, transgenic plant, or methods for the preparation or use thereof substantially as herein described in the description or sequences or illustrated in the Figures. 